# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
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# ==============================================================================

"""Various learning rate decay functions."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import math

from tensorflow.python.framework import constant_op
from tensorflow.python.framework import dtypes
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import control_flow_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import math_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import random_ops

def exponential_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps, decay_rate,
                      staircase=False, name=None):
  """Applies exponential decay to the learning rate.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies an exponential decay function
  to a provided initial learning rate.  It requires a `global_step` value to
  compute the decayed learning rate.  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable
  that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:

  ```python
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate *
                          decay_rate ^ (global_step / decay_steps)
  ```

  If the argument `staircase` is `True`, then `global_step / decay_steps` is an
  integer division and the decayed learning rate follows a staircase function.

  Example: decay every 100000 steps with a base of 0.96:

  ```python
  ...
  global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
  starter_learning_rate = 0.1
  learning_rate = tf.train.exponential_decay(starter_learning_rate, global_step,
                                             100000, 0.96, staircase=True)
  # Passing global_step to minimize() will increment it at each step.
  learning_step = (
      tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate)
      .minimize(...my loss..., global_step=global_step)
  )
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.  Must not be negative.
    decay_steps: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Must be positive.  See the decay computation above.
    decay_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The decay rate.
    staircase: Boolean.  If `True` decay the learning rate at discrete intervals
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to
      'ExponentialDecay'.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("global_step is required for exponential_decay.")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "ExponentialDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step,
                       decay_steps, decay_rate]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    decay_rate = math_ops.cast(decay_rate, dtype)
    p = global_step / decay_steps
    if staircase:
      p = math_ops.floor(p)
    return math_ops.multiply(learning_rate, math_ops.pow(decay_rate, p),
                             name=name)


def piecewise_constant(x, boundaries, values, name=None):
  """Piecewise constant from boundaries and interval values.

  Example: use a learning rate that's 1.0 for the first 100000 steps, 0.5
    for steps 100001 to 110000, and 0.1 for any additional steps.

  ```python
  global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
  boundaries = [100000, 110000]
  values = [1.0, 0.5, 0.1]
  learning_rate = tf.train.piecewise_constant(global_step, boundaries, values)

  # Later, whenever we perform an optimization step, we increment global_step.
  ```

  Args:
    x: A 0-D scalar `Tensor`. Must be one of the following types: `float32`,
      `float64`, `uint8`, `int8`, `int16`, `int32`, `int64`.
    boundaries: A list of `Tensor`s or `int`s or `float`s with strictly
      increasing entries, and with all elements having the same type as `x`.
    values: A list of `Tensor`s or float`s or `int`s that specifies the values
      for the intervals defined by `boundaries`. It should have one more element
      than `boundaries`, and all elements should have the same type.
    name: A string. Optional name of the operation. Defaults to
      'PiecewiseConstant'.

  Returns:
    A 0-D Tensor. Its value is `values[0]` when `x <= boundaries[0]`,
    `values[1]` when `x > boundaries[0]` and `x <= boundaries[1]`, ...,
    and values[-1] when `x > boundaries[-1]`.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if types of `x` and `boundaries` do not match, or types of all
        `values` do not match or
        the number of elements in the lists does not match.
  """
  if len(boundaries) != len(values) - 1:
    raise ValueError(
        "The length of boundaries should be 1 less than the length of values")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "PiecewiseConstant",
                      [x, boundaries, values, name]) as name:
    x = ops.convert_to_tensor(x)
    # Avoid explicit conversion to x's dtype. This could result in faulty
    # comparisons, for example if floats are converted to integers.
    boundaries = ops.convert_n_to_tensor(boundaries)
    for i, b in enumerate(boundaries):
      if b.dtype.base_dtype != x.dtype.base_dtype:
        # We can promote int32 boundaries to int64 without loss of precision.
        # This covers the most common case where the user passes in boundaries
        # as an array of Python integers.
        if (b.dtype.base_dtype == dtypes.int32 and
            x.dtype.base_dtype == dtypes.int64):
          b = math_ops.cast(b, x.dtype.base_dtype)
          boundaries[i] = b
        else:
          raise ValueError(
              "Boundaries (%s) must have the same dtype as x (%s)." % (
                  b.dtype.base_dtype, x.dtype.base_dtype))
    # TODO(rdipietro): Ensure that boundaries' elements are strictly increasing.
    values = ops.convert_n_to_tensor(values)
    for v in values[1:]:
      if v.dtype.base_dtype != values[0].dtype.base_dtype:
        raise ValueError(
            "Values must have elements all with the same dtype (%s vs %s)." % (
                values[0].dtype.base_dtype, v.dtype.base_dtype))
    pred_fn_pairs = {}
    pred_fn_pairs[x <= boundaries[0]] = lambda: values[0]
    pred_fn_pairs[x > boundaries[-1]] = lambda: values[-1]
    for low, high, v in zip(boundaries[:-1], boundaries[1:], values[1:-1]):
      # Need to bind v here; can do this with lambda v=v: ...
      pred = (x > low) & (x <= high)
      pred_fn_pairs[pred] = lambda v=v: v

    # The default isn't needed here because our conditions are mutually
    # exclusive and exhaustive, but tf.case requires it.
    default = lambda: values[0]
    return control_flow_ops.case(pred_fn_pairs, default, exclusive=True)


def polynomial_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps,
                     end_learning_rate=0.0001, power=1.0,
                     cycle=False, name=None):
  """Applies a polynomial decay to the learning rate.

  It is commonly observed that a monotonically decreasing learning rate, whose
  degree of change is carefully chosen, results in a better performing model.
  This function applies a polynomial decay function to a provided initial
  `learning_rate` to reach an `end_learning_rate` in the given `decay_steps`.

  It requires a `global_step` value to compute the decayed learning rate.  You
  can just pass a TensorFlow variable that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:

  ```python
  global_step = min(global_step, decay_steps)
  decayed_learning_rate = (learning_rate - end_learning_rate) *
                          (1 - global_step / decay_steps) ^ (power) +
                          end_learning_rate

  ```

  If `cycle` is True then a multiple of `decay_steps` is used, the first one
  that is bigger than `global_steps`.

  ```python
  decay_steps = decay_steps * ceil(global_step / decay_steps)
  decayed_learning_rate = (learning_rate - end_learning_rate) *
                          (1 - global_step / decay_steps) ^ (power) +
                          end_learning_rate

  ```

  Example: decay from 0.1 to 0.01 in 10000 steps using sqrt (i.e. power=0.5):

  ```python
  ...
  global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
  starter_learning_rate = 0.1
  end_learning_rate = 0.01
  decay_steps = 10000
  learning_rate = tf.train.polynomial_decay(starter_learning_rate, global_step,
                                            decay_steps, end_learning_rate,
                                            power=0.5)
  # Passing global_step to minimize() will increment it at each step.
  learning_step = (
      tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate)
      .minimize(...my loss..., global_step=global_step)
  )
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.  Must not be negative.
    decay_steps: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Must be positive.  See the decay computation above.
    end_learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The minimal end learning rate.
    power: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The power of the polynomial. Defaults to linear, 1.0.
    cycle: A boolean, whether or not it should cycle beyond decay_steps.
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation. Defaults to
      'PolynomialDecay'.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("global_step is required for polynomial_decay.")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "PolynomialDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step,
                       decay_steps, end_learning_rate, power]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    end_learning_rate = math_ops.cast(end_learning_rate, dtype)
    power = math_ops.cast(power, dtype)
    if cycle:
      # Find the first multiple of decay_steps that is bigger than global_step.
      # If global_step is zero set the multiplier to 1
      multiplier = control_flow_ops.cond(math_ops.equal(global_step, 0),
                                         lambda: 1.0,
                                         lambda: math_ops.ceil(
                                             global_step / decay_steps))
      decay_steps = math_ops.multiply(decay_steps, multiplier)
    else:
      # Make sure that the global_step used is not bigger than decay_steps.
      global_step = math_ops.minimum(global_step, decay_steps)

    p = math_ops.div(global_step, decay_steps)
    return math_ops.add(math_ops.multiply(learning_rate - end_learning_rate,
                                          math_ops.pow(1 - p, power)),
                        end_learning_rate, name=name)


def natural_exp_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps, decay_rate,
                      staircase=False, name=None):
  """Applies natural exponential decay to the initial learning rate.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies an exponential decay function
  to a provided initial learning rate.  It requires an `global_step` value to
  compute the decayed learning rate.  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable
  that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:

  ```python
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate * exp(-decay_rate * global_step)
  ```

  Example: decay exponentially with a base of 0.96:

  ```python
  ...
  global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
  learning_rate = 0.1
  k = 0.5
  learning_rate = tf.train.exponential_time_decay(learning_rate, global_step, k)

  # Passing global_step to minimize() will increment it at each step.
  learning_step = (
      tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate)
      .minimize(...my loss..., global_step=global_step)
  )
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.  Must not be negative.
    decay_steps: How often to apply decay.
    decay_rate: A Python number.  The decay rate.
    staircase: Whether to apply decay in a discrete staircase, as opposed to
      continuous, fashion.
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to
      'ExponentialTimeDecay'.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("global_step is required for natural_exp_decay.")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "NaturalExpDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step, decay_rate]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    decay_rate = math_ops.cast(decay_rate, dtype)
    p = global_step / decay_steps
    if staircase:
      p = math_ops.floor(p)
    exponent = math_ops.exp(math_ops.multiply(math_ops.negative(decay_rate), p))
    return math_ops.multiply(learning_rate, exponent, name=name)


def inverse_time_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps, decay_rate,
                       staircase=False, name=None):
  """Applies inverse time decay to the initial learning rate.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies an inverse decay function
  to a provided initial learning rate.  It requires an `global_step` value to
  compute the decayed learning rate.  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable
  that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:

  ```python
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate / (1 + decay_rate * t)
  ```

  Example: decay 1/t with a rate of 0.5:

  ```python
  ...
  global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
  learning_rate = 0.1
  k = 0.5
  learning_rate = tf.train.inverse_time_decay(learning_rate, global_step, k)

  # Passing global_step to minimize() will increment it at each step.
  learning_step = (
      tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate)
      .minimize(...my loss..., global_step=global_step)
  )
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` `Tensor` or a
      Python number.  The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.  Must not be negative.
    decay_steps: How often to apply decay.
    decay_rate: A Python number.  The decay rate.
    staircase: Whether to apply decay in a discrete staircase, as opposed to
      continuous, fashion.
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to
      'InverseTimeDecay'.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("global_step is required for inverse_time_decay.")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "InverseTimeDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step, decay_rate]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    decay_rate = math_ops.cast(decay_rate, dtype)
    p = global_step / decay_steps
    if staircase:
      p = math_ops.floor(p)
    const = math_ops.cast(constant_op.constant(1), learning_rate.dtype)
    denom = math_ops.add(const, math_ops.multiply(decay_rate, p))
    return math_ops.div(learning_rate, denom, name=name)


def cosine_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps, name=None):
  """Applies cosine decay to the learning rate.

  See [Loshchilov & Hutter, ICLR2016], SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent
  with Warm Restarts.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies a cosine decay function
  to a provided initial learning rate.  It requires a `global_step` value to
  compute the decayed learning rate.  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable
  that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:
  ```python
  global_step = min(global_step, decay_steps)
  decayed = 0.5 * (1 + cos(pi * global_step / decay_steps))
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate * decayed
  ```

  Example usage:
  ```python
  decay_steps = 1000
  lr_decayed = cosine_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps)
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` Tensor or a Python number.
      The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.
    decay_steps: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Number of steps to decay over.
    name: String. Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to 'CosineDecay'.
  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.
  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("cosine decay requires global_step")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "CosineDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    global_step = math_ops.minimum(global_step, decay_steps)
    completed_fraction = global_step / decay_steps
    cosine_decayed = 0.5 * (
        1.0 + math_ops.cos(constant_op.constant(math.pi) * completed_fraction))

    return math_ops.multiply(learning_rate, cosine_decayed)


def linear_cosine_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps,
                        num_periods=0.5, alpha=0.0, beta=0.001,
                        name=None):
  """Applies linear cosine decay to the learning rate.

  See [Bello et al., ICML2017] Neural Optimizer Search with RL.
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.07417

  Note that linear cosine decay is more aggressive than cosine decay and
  larger initial learning rates can typically be used.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies a linear cosine decay function
  to a provided initial learning rate.  It requires a `global_step` value to
  compute the decayed learning rate.  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable
  that you increment at each training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:
  ```python
  global_step = min(global_step, decay_steps)
  linear_decay = (decay_steps - global_step) / decay_steps)
  cosine_decay = 0.5 * (
      1 + cos(pi * 2 * num_periods * global_step / decay_steps))
  decayed = (alpha + linear_decay) * cosine_decay + beta
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate * decayed
  ```

  Example usage:
  ```python
  decay_steps = 1000
  lr_decayed = linear_cosine_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps)
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` Tensor or a Python number.
      The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.
    decay_steps: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Number of steps to decay over.
    num_periods: Number of periods in the cosine part of the decay.
      See computation above.
    alpha: See computation above.
    beta: See computation above.
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to
      'LinearCosineDecay'.
  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.
  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("linear cosine decay requires global_step")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "LinearCosineDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    num_periods = math_ops.cast(num_periods, dtype)
    global_step = math_ops.minimum(global_step, decay_steps)
    alpha = math_ops.cast(alpha, dtype)
    beta = math_ops.cast(beta, dtype)

    linear_decayed = (decay_steps - global_step) / decay_steps
    completed_fraction = global_step / decay_steps
    fraction = 2.0 * num_periods * completed_fraction
    cosine_decayed = 0.5 * (
        1.0 + math_ops.cos(constant_op.constant(math.pi) * fraction))

    linear_cosine_decayed = (alpha + linear_decayed) * cosine_decayed + beta
    return math_ops.multiply(learning_rate, linear_cosine_decayed, name=name)


def noisy_linear_cosine_decay(learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps,
                              initial_variance=1.0, variance_decay=0.55,
                              num_periods=0.5, alpha=0.0, beta=0.001,
                              name=None):
  """Applies noisy linear cosine decay to the learning rate.

  See [Bello et al., ICML2017] Neural Optimizer Search with RL.
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.07417

  Note that linear cosine decay is more aggressive than cosine decay and
  larger initial learning rates can typically be used.

  When training a model, it is often recommended to lower the learning rate as
  the training progresses.  This function applies a noisy linear
  cosine decay function to a provided initial learning rate.
  It requires a `global_step` value to compute the decayed learning rate.
  You can just pass a TensorFlow variable that you increment at each
  training step.

  The function returns the decayed learning rate.  It is computed as:
  ```python
  global_step = min(global_step, decay_steps)
  linear_decay = (decay_steps - global_step) / decay_steps)
  cosine_decay = 0.5 * (
      1 + cos(pi * 2 * num_periods * global_step / decay_steps))
  decayed = (alpha + linear_decay + eps_t) * cosine_decay + beta
  decayed_learning_rate = learning_rate * decayed
  ```
  where eps_t is 0-centered gaussian noise with variance
  initial_variance / (1 + global_step) ** variance_decay

  Example usage:
  ```python
  decay_steps = 1000
  lr_decayed = noisy_linear_cosine_decay(
    learning_rate, global_step, decay_steps)
  ```

  Args:
    learning_rate: A scalar `float32` or `float64` Tensor or a Python number.
      The initial learning rate.
    global_step: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Global step to use for the decay computation.
    decay_steps: A scalar `int32` or `int64` `Tensor` or a Python number.
      Number of steps to decay over.
    initial_variance: initial variance for the noise. See computation above.
    variance_decay: decay for the noise's variance. See computation above.
    num_periods: Number of periods in the cosine part of the decay.
      See computation above.
    alpha: See computation above.
    beta: See computation above.
    name: String.  Optional name of the operation.  Defaults to
      'NoisyLinearCosineDecay'.
  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the same type as `learning_rate`.  The decayed
    learning rate.
  Raises:
    ValueError: if `global_step` is not supplied.
  """
  if global_step is None:
    raise ValueError("noisy linear cosine decay requires global_step")
  with ops.name_scope(name, "NoisyLinearCosineDecay",
                      [learning_rate, global_step]) as name:
    learning_rate = ops.convert_to_tensor(learning_rate, name="learning_rate")
    dtype = learning_rate.dtype
    global_step = math_ops.cast(global_step, dtype)
    decay_steps = math_ops.cast(decay_steps, dtype)
    global_step = math_ops.minimum(global_step, decay_steps)
    initial_variance = math_ops.cast(initial_variance, dtype)
    variance_decay = math_ops.cast(variance_decay, dtype)
    num_periods = math_ops.cast(num_periods, dtype)
    alpha = math_ops.cast(alpha, dtype)
    beta = math_ops.cast(beta, dtype)

    linear_decayed = (decay_steps - global_step) / decay_steps
    variance = initial_variance / (
        math_ops.pow(1.0 + global_step, variance_decay))
    std = math_ops.sqrt(variance)
    noisy_linear_decayed = (
        linear_decayed + random_ops.random_normal(
            linear_decayed.shape, stddev=std))

    completed_fraction = global_step / decay_steps
    fraction = 2.0 * num_periods * completed_fraction
    cosine_decayed = 0.5 * (
        1.0 + math_ops.cos(constant_op.constant(math.pi) * fraction))
    noisy_linear_cosine_decayed = (
        (alpha + noisy_linear_decayed) * cosine_decayed + beta)

    return math_ops.multiply(
        learning_rate, noisy_linear_cosine_decayed, name=name)
